Interest Rates an Exchange Rate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Interest Rates an Exchange Rate - Essay Example The government raised interest rates to increase the demand for pound in the international market, this increase in demand was anticipated to make the pound stronger against other major currencies, however a speculative attack by investors led to the loss of funds, the government lost and some investors gained huge profits on that day. This model depict that there is a relationship between the prevailing interest rates and the exchange rate, using historical data a country can use the data to estimate an appropriate model that will help in forecasting future values. The model depicts that a rise in interest rate will lead to a rise in the value of the currency, when interest rates fall then the value of the currency declines, the following diagram shows the relationship between the two variables: From the above diagram it is evident that an increase in the interest rates will lead to an increase in the value of the currency, however a decline in interest rates will lead to a decline in the value of the currency. However the assumption of this model is that there are no speculative attacks and that the exchange rate depends on the demand and supply of the currency. The relationship between the exchange rate and the interest rates can be demonstrated using two currencies from countries with different interest rates, we take hypothetical values and countries to demonstrate this and we choose country A and country B, for country a the interest rate is 4% and for country B the interest rate is 6%, those who have their funds deposited in country A will earn 4% for their investment, however it is more profitable to invest the funds or deposit the amount in country B due to high interest rates and therefore higher earning. For this reason therefore investors will move their fund from country A to country B, investors from country A will exchange their money to get country B currencies, as a result of this the demand for country B currency will rise and therefore will the value of the currency. Therefore higher interest rates will encourage investors to invest in country B, if country B was to increase the interest rates from 5% to 10% then the higher will be the demand for their currency. British forecast: The exchange of the pound in 1992 was determined by the market demand and supply, in September the British government experienced a decline in the demand for their currency, many investors started selling the pound to acquire other currencies, as a result of this demand declined and therefore the pound lost value against other currencies. The government had a role to play to resolve the crisis and this was done by increasing interests rates as described by the above model, the prevailing interest rates at the time was 10% and the government increased the interest rates to 12%, however despite this effort the investors still sold the pound to hold other currencies. Realizing this problem the government on the same day announced an increase in interest rates to 15%, this was the second attempt to resolve the problem, however it was unfortunate that investors kept on selling the pound and purchasing other currencies, as a result of this the value of the pound declined and this resulted into a decline in the value of the

A Framework for Structuring Drivers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

A Framework for Structuring Drivers - Essay Example The role of supply chain management in the business performance is crucial. For this reason, Krishnan et al. (2001, 259 supported that ‘supply chain management has become an important part of strategic planning in both large and small businesses since the 1990s as firms increasingly choose outsourcing as an externally-driven strategic growth path’. In order to identify and evaluate the role of supply chain management within a particular business environment it is necessary to examine primarily the whole firm’s operational activities trying to locate any possible barriers that can cause delay on the firm’s development. In this context, Baker et al. (2005, 43) found that ‘the term "operations" has evolved to denote all activities involved in bringing products and services to customers, and businesses have been applying the techniques of operations management to the entire spectrum of business operations; Enterprise resource planning (ERP), customer rela tionship management (CRM), and supply chain management (SCM) all provide an opportunity to enhance existing processes and serve as a catalyst for operational innovation’. In other words, supply chain management is considered to be a tool of major importance for the enhancement of the firm’s processes in all its sectors. However, in order for supply chain management to develop the corporate activities, it has to be based on a detailed plan, which can be differentiated for each firm in accordance with the demands of the market involved and the firm’s strengths and weaknesses.

Ethical Debates in Abortion and Euthanasia

Ethical Debates in Abortion and Euthanasia Autonomy can be defined as self-rule and it is a persons or patients basic right. This principle means that an adult who is an informed and competent patient has the right to accept or refuse any treatments, drugs or surgical procedures. These decisions must be taken in to consideration even if these choices are not in the best interest of the patient. It is a healthcare professionals duty and responsibility to respect patients autonomy. Although sometimes this can be difficult as it may conflict with paternalistic attitudes of other healthcare professionals. A persons autonomy could be overridden in cases such as, if an individuals decision puts public health in danger or could potentially harm others, that persons autonomy may be restricted. Autonomy is often used in the ethical debate of euthanasia. Though it is a patients freedom to make decisions on their own treatment, the concept of autonomy is misunderstood in the case of ending an individuals life. In this case, although a patient is capable of giving valid consent, a doctor does not have the authority to treat a patient unless he has signed a written consent. 2. In order to produce a non-maleficence conclusion without reducing the benefits for others the social worker could approach Bernie with the idea of informally admitting himself to hospital. If Bernie was to become unhappy at any time during his stay he would be able to discharge himself without the pressure of feeling isolated, but he would still be offered the help he needs. This would take some of the pressure off his parents, his mother would then feel less threatened knowing that Bernie is being cared for properly and receiving the help he needs to address his problems. (Psychotic episode, grief counselling, family counselling). His mother and father could then start to concentrate on their own problems and try to correct their relationship. If the whole family where to address their individual problems, it could be suggested this would then in turn create a better family life with effective communication. 3. For the justification for Bernie to be sectioned under the Mental Health Act would depend on Bernies state of mind. Bernie is unwilling to be voluntarily admitted to hospital, so if he was to be sectioned this would enable him to be treated with the correct medication such as anti-psychotic medication which would help treat psychosis. Although if Bernie is not actually psychotic and just grieving for his grandmother then being sectioned would not be justified as his problems could be treated with counselling in the community to help resolve his family issues. If Bernie was to be sectioned this could change how people look at Bernie in the future for example job applications and generally within the community. Bernie has often used threatening behaviour towards his parents, if this was to escalate the sectioning of Bernie could be the only option and then would be justified to protect his family and himself from violence. Abortion The ethical debate regarding abortion asks whether it is morally right to deliberately terminate a pregnancy before childbirth. In the early part of the 20th century laws were brought in to reduce access to legal abortion. Many women resorted to seeking out backstreet abortionists, which either permanently damaged their health or even ended their life due to unwanted pregnancies. In 1967 the Abortion Act became law, since then the act has been unsuccessfully challenged many times by pro-life groups who still try to limit the access to abortions. Looking at abortion from a moral view there are many dimensions which are linked to abortion. This debate is very complex and every question leads to sub-questions and sub-parts. There are pro-life enthusiasts who are against abortion and pro-choice groups who are partially or completely in favour of termination of pregnancy. Pro-life groups/people argue that that it is ethically/morally wrong to kill a foetus which has potential to live; they believe that every foetus is alive and has the capacity to develop into a human being like us. So killing a foetus is the same as killing a human being which is wrong. Pro-choice groups regard abortion as acceptable in some circumstances such as there being a serious medical problem which could endanger the foetus or mothers life, the foetus will suffer from mental or physical abnormalities or where the pregnancy was unintentional for example rape of failure of contraception. Two philosophical theories that could be applied to this debate could be natural law and virtue ethics. Natural law main focus is on actions, it asks if an action is good or bad and in accordance with nature. One of the primary precepts is protect and preserve the innocent. From this we get a secondary precept do not abort. This is an absolute moral rule that you should not kill an innocent person. This is how the Catholic Church views abortion and therefore condemns abortion in all instances. The Church of England tries to encourage the issues surrounding abortion, the church recognises that all individuals have different views regarding this sensitive matter. The 1983 resolution of Synod stated: That in situations where the continuance of a pregnancy threatens the life of the mother a termination of pregnancy may be justified and that there must be adequate and safe provision in our society for such situations Church of England General Synod, 1983 There are a few Catholics that disagree with the Vatican regarding abortion. They argue against the total ban on abortion with arguments such as: Theologians such as Aquinas and Augustine who believed that a foetus does not become a person until between 40 and 80 days after conception has occurred. Every Catholic has the right and responsibility to follow their own conscience on moral matters. Though pro-choice Catholics dont see abortion as being morally good they to argue that there could be situations where it is the least bad moral choice that is available at the time. Virtue ethics are concerned with what kind of people we should be. It helps to develop characteristics which help to make moral decisions easier, for example whether to consider and abortion or not. These ethics dont say that abortion is right or wrong but that it is up to the individuals personal character. A decision that a woman makes about an abortion must contribute towards her happiness. A person, who is virtuous and has disciplined themselves in the virtues of temperance, would be in a better state of mind and condition to decide on the important matter of having an abortion. In some countries such as India, aborting foetuses which are to be born girls are becoming a major problem. Some cultures prefer to have baby boys, so request are termination purely on the basis that the child is female. Pro-choice activist and author Janet Hadley, sex selection abortions in India are extremely common: All over India, there are clinics performing amniocentesis and ultrasound scans, even in districts too poor to afford supplies of clean drinking water. Every day, an estimated 3000 female foetuses are aborted. And there are doctors making a mint. Janet Hadley Abortion: between Freedom and Necessity (Great Britain: Virago Press 1996) 88 Female foeticide is more common than male foeticide, countries, in particular India and China, are more likely to have serious consequences on the balance of the genders in the population. The reasons behind these are mostly cultural, rather than religious. When it comes to this very sensitive debate, I feel I can honestly say that I am neither, for or against abortion. I do feel it is every womans right to decide. Until I am placed in a position where I am undecided on whether to continue with a pregnancy or not, I find it very difficult to have an opinion. Working in an operating theatre, it is part of my role to be part of a surgical team which carries out termination of pregnancies. I think doing this job has influenced me to have an impartial view on this matter. I have seen patients use this procedure as a form of contraception, but have also had to be with patients who have made the decision to terminate their pregnancy due to foetal abnormalities and miscarriage. Every womans circumstances are different and should be taken into consideration, and in a lot of these cases we have to consider the fathers feelings which a lot of people tend to forget. Euthanasia Euthanasia is the act of deliberately ending a persons life in order to end their suffering. According to English law both euthanasia and assisted suicide are illegal. This process is sometimes called mercy killing. Euthanasia can fall into categories such as: voluntary euthanasia where a person makes the decision to die and asks for help enable to do this. Non-voluntary euthanasia is when a person is unable to make the decision or give consent to die, for reasons such as being in a coma or being brain damaged, another person will make the decision on their behalf. This could be because the patient expressed their wishes for their life to be ended in these circumstances. Involuntary euthanasia is where someone is killed regardless of their wishes. There has always been lots of controversy surrounding the debate on euthanasia and whether this act should be legal or not. In most countries euthanasia is seen as a criminal homicide or murder. Although in countries such as Belgium, Netherlands and Luxemburg these practices are still considered legal. Killing is inexcusable yet is seen as excusable when used as a criminal punishment? Arguments regarding this debate can often depend on which method is used to carry out the end of life for the patient. There are many arguments on this debate, many of which fall into different categories such as ethical, practical and religious arguments and many more. Some ethical arguments for anti-euthanasia may include: Euthanasia weakening the respect in society and the sanctity of life, and all human beings are valued regardless of age, religion, sex etc. Voluntary euthanasia could be the start of a slippery slope which may lead to involuntary euthanasia; where a person who wants to live is killed regardless of their wishes. Euthanasia can affect other peoples hum rights, not just those of the patients, for example, family, relatives and even medical staff. Practical arguments for anti-euthanasia in this debate could be: If palliative care was to be carried out properly euthanasia would not needed to be necessary, it could help prevent a patient feeling this is the only option. Doctors should not be allowed to decide when a patient should die; legalisation of this would put doctors in a position of power which would be unacceptable. Religious people feel that euthanasia is against the will of god. Although god has given us all free will, they argue that it would be wrong for us to kill ourselves or ask another to do it for them. The slippery slope argument explains the fears of voluntary euthanasia becoming legal and where it may lead, such as involuntary euthanasia. If the law changes and voluntary euthanasia becomes legal, how would we be able to keep it under control? Without official regulations and control mechanisms proponents of euthanasia feel it would never be legalised Where would this slippery slope lead to? Could doctors start killing patients without their permission? Would doctors kill patients to save money and create more free beds? We conclude that is was virtually impossible to ensure that all acts of euthanasia were truly voluntary and that any liberations of the law in the United Kingdom could not be abused. We were also concerned that vulnerable people the elderly, lonely, sick or distressed would feel pressure, whether real or imagined, to request early death. Lord Walton, Chairman, House of Lords Select Committee on Medical Ethics looking into euthanasia, 1993. Why do people want euthanasia? Most people think that the main reason that people choose to seek euthanasia is because of them being in severe and unbearable pain. There are many psychological factors such as depression, feeling like a burden, the loss of their dignity and not wanting to be dependent which cause people to think of euthanasia. People consider what quality of life they are going to have, for example; a terminally ill patient can be damaged by physical conditions e.g. incontinence, vomiting, paralysis and difficulty breathing. Some peoples arguments may include: People have the right to die when and how they would like; being independent gives them the right to carry out decisions about themselves. A libertarian argument believes that if an action is in the best interest of everybody, then it does not violate anybodys rights, so is morally acceptable. Euthanasia happens, so is it not better to legalise it and make it regulated properly. People are allowed to die with dignity and in their own way. Relatives are spared from watching their loved ones suffer and die painfully. Utilitarianism believes that moral rules should produce the greatest happiness of the greatest people. Looking at it from utilitarian point of view, people who are allowed to die a good death when they choose will allow them to be happier in their final days. Utilitarianism looks at total human happiness and not just that of the patient involved. People who agree with this principle would see the negative effect it would have on those around the patient such as the family, friends and the healthcare professionals, these negative effects would outweigh those of the patient. Kants ethical theory has a different perspective to utilitarianism. Kants theory on mortality derived from the Greek deontology, which means obligation. He didnt agree with the making of moral choices out of compassion or kindness. He believed in what was the right thing to do, and choosing to fight the dying process is more important than just simply ending it all because of suffering and pain. Kant felt that the intentions of and act was more important than the actual act itself. I think that euthanasia is one of the most complicated debates to date. Its very hard to say whether you are either for or against euthanasia until you are put in a position where you could choose to live or die. The only way I could possibly have an opinion on this matter would be to imagine if it was a member of my family wanting to die. If I thought that they were going to have no quality of life and there was no hope of recovering then maybe I would consider euthanasia if it was what they wanted, the only way I would do this would be with their consent. I do strongly feel it does depend on each situation and the mental state of the patient, as voluntary euthanasia could be made and easy option if someone was to have suicidal tendencies.

Essay --

Goal setting and action plans for self development: As human beings we are not perfect, we all have strengths and weakness but how do we use our weaknesses and strengths to improve ourselves in leadership and managerial positions"? I was impressed to note that being a nurse you cannot run away from being a leader. According to class videos slides and transcripts by Maryol, G. 2014. "All nurses are mangers and all nurses are leaders in their perspective position. A nurse is a leader by virtue of your qualifications. According to J Sullivan a leader uses his interpersonal skills to make others plan goals and structure strategies to accomplish those goals and a manager on the other hand is responsible and accountable to accomplish the goals of an organization. He does this by coordinating resources, planning, organizing, supervising, staffing, evaluating, negotiating and representing the organization. Managers have authority, responsibility, accountability and in position of power as determined by the organization. "All good managers are good leaders"(Sullivan, E.J., & Decker P. J.) 200...

Is there a pattern to commercial land use in Ormskirk town Centre?

After completing my Landuse survey map, I have found there is a pattern, albeit sometimes random, in Ormskirk Town Centre. Ormskirk Town Centres core area is situated near the clock tower or ‘market cross'. The market cross is at a junction between Church Street, Burscough Street and Aughton Street. In Ormskirk Town Centre there is a clustering of convenience goods or frequent goods outlets situated in the core. Convenience goods, are those goods we buy most often, on a day-to-day basis e.g.) newspaper, milk. Sayers (the bakers) in Burscough Street is an example of one of these convenience/frequent goods stores. It is a chain store and can therefore afford to pay the high rent rates for buildings in the core. Although expensive, being located in the core has many advantages e.g.) being located here means that it is very accessible and it therefore benefits from a high pedestrian density and a large passing trade. These type of frequent goods stores rely heavily on passing trade for a good part of their income which is why they are located here. There are lots of examples of complimentary landuse in the core area e.g.) the location of cafes and pubs near to shops – using the idea shopping and then resting/eating e.g.) Java Juice Bar and Subway on Burscough Street. These eateries also cater for the towns' workforce when on lunch breaks. Another example of complimentary landuse in the core is the location of banks – there is one situated on each of the 4 main streets e.g.) Halifax on the corner of Aughton Street and Church Street. This enables shoppers to draw money out and then spend it later on in the shops (the shops then deposit their takings in the bank). Often in the core, there are many shops selling similar goods and here you find examples of comparative shopping e.g.) there are 2 card shops in the core (Clinton Cards on Church Street and Hallmark on Moor Street) Shoppers will compare prices between these 2 shops, so they will be in competition with each other. Another example of comparative shopping includes the market stalls (which all sell similar goods, like food and clothes). Another pattern I found was not 1 that links with frequent goods, but rather infrequent services e.g.) solicitors and accountants. These professional services are infrequently used and are found in the periphery e.g.) The Solicitors on Derby Street. They are situated here because they don't rely on passing trade, people seek them out specially – this is on advantage, because they don't have to pay the high prices (rents/rates) for buildings in the core. As I found in the core there are lots of examples of complimentary landuse in the periphery too e.g.) along Derby Street the police station, the solicitors and the magistrates' court are all located – each providing a service for one another. Also located in the periphery are the large supermarkets – these need large areas of cheap land (not available in the core) they need this space for large single storey buildings and usually car parks as well (which is an example of complimentary landuse). Another reason for being located here, is the fact that like the professional services e.g.) accountants they don't rely on passing trade – people make special trips to the supermarket, therefore they need to be accessible by car not necessarily by foot and so can afford not to be in a pedestrianised area and even though supermarkets are chain stores they are not found in the core with the others for this reason. Although most of the goods and services conform to this pattern in commercial landuse i.e.) very frequently used goods and services situated in the core and professional/infrequently used goods and services situated in the periphery, there are some anomalies; e.g.) Iceland supermarket on Moorgate doesn't quite fit the pattern – it is almost within the core. It was probably built there to take advantage of the already established car park (complimentary landuse). Another anomaly I found is not one specific to Ormskirk Town Centre but to most town centre core areas. Both Estate Agents and Travel Agents are examples of infrequent/professional services (that are normally situated in the periphery) yet are found in the core. This is because unlike the other infrequent services Estate Agents and Travel Agents rely on passing trade and the need to be seen and they can achieve this by setting up in the core where there is a high pedestrian density (often they are chain stores and can afford the high prices and small office spaces in the core). An example of complimentary landuse can include the duo of Estate Agents and solicitors being found together e.g.) Collertons Estate Agents and J.K.P Solicitors on Church Street.

The Social and Legal Aspects of Homosexuality in Hong Kong

The social and legal aspects of homosexuality in Hong Kong In 1988, there was an intense argument on whether to legalize homosexuality. Different groups expressed their views on public discussion hold in Victoria Park. A group of homosexual men declared that they have the same contribution to the society as others. The existed law infringes on their human right. On the other hand, Dr. Philemon Choi who opposed decriminalization was afraid of the impacts of decriminalization such as the increase of male prostitution although he agreed to lower the penalties.Besides, the Law Reform Commission had also discussed on this topic for 8 years but the progress was very slow. The main consideration was that homosexuality was not about legal issues but morality; therefore, the commission suggested loosening the law. However, it did not mean the Acceptance of homosexuality. Many people still thought some criminal offences were related to homosexuality and it was against the morality. Moreover, D espite the relation between Hong Kong and Britain, the liberation movement of homosexual laws was restricted because of the International Covenant.One of the options from consultation paper from LRC was maintaining the existed law. It argued that it was a waste for the police to put so much focus on homosexuality instead of other more serious cases. What I think is totally different from the essay since there is about 20 years culture gap. People now are open-minded and more willing to accept others. The discrimination is less common in the modern society, and I hope all the people will accept homosexuality. REF: Louis Lee. â€Å"The social and legal aspects of homosexuality in Hong Kong† The HKU scholar Hub, (1988) 117-122,web. 9 Apr 2013

Stephen Douglas

Stephen Douglas Stephen Douglas was an influential senator from Illinois who became one of the powerful politicians in America during the decade preceding the Civil War. He was involved in major legislation, including the controversial Kansas-Nebraska Act, and was Abraham Lincolns opponent in a landmark series of political debates in 1858. Douglas ran for president against Lincoln in the election of 1860, and died the following year, just as the Civil War was beginning. And while he is remembered mostly for having been a perennial opponent of Lincoln, his influence on American political life in the 1850s was profound. Early Life Stephen Douglas was born into a well-educated New England family, though Stephens life was changed profoundly when his father, a doctor, died suddenly when Stephen was two months old. As a teenager Stephen was apprenticed to a cabinetmaker so he would learn a trade, and he hated the work. The election of 1828, when Andrew Jackson defeated the reelection bid of John Quincy Adams, fascinated the 15-year-old Douglas. He adopted Jackson as his personal hero. The education requirements for being a lawyer were considerably less stringent in the west, so Douglas, at the age of 20, set out westward from his home in upstate New York. He eventually settled in Illinois, and trained with a local lawyer and became qualified to practice law in Illinois just before his 21st birthday. Political Career Douglass rise in Illinois politics was sudden, a great contrast to the man who would always be his rival, Abraham Lincoln. In Washington, Douglas became known as a tireless worker and crafty political strategist. After being elected to the Senate he took a place on the very powerful Committee on the Territories, and he made sure he was involved in critical decisions involving western territories and new states that may come into the Union. With the exception of the famed Lincoln-Douglas debates, Douglas is best known for his work on the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Douglas thought the legislation might lessen tensions over slavery. In fact, it had the opposite effect. Rivalry With Lincoln The Kansas-Nebraska Act spurred Abraham Lincoln, who had put aside political ambitions, to oppose Douglas. In 1858 Lincoln ran for the US Senate seat held by Douglas, and they faced off in a series of seven debates. The debates were actually quite nasty at times. At one point, Douglas made up a story designed to inflame the crowd, claiming that the famed abolitionist and former slave Frederick Douglas had been seen in Illinois, traveling the state in a carriage in the company of two white women. While Lincoln may have been considered the victor of the debates in the view of history, Douglas won the 1858 senatorial election. He ran against Lincoln in a four-way race for president in 1860, and of course Lincoln won. Douglas threw his support behind Lincoln in the earliest days of the Civil War, but died soon after. While Douglas is most often remembered as a rival of Lincoln, someone who antagonized and inspired him, during most of their lives Douglas was far more famous and was considered more successful and powerful.

Journal Report essays

Journal Report essays Journal Report: Personality, Nonverbal Behavior, and Interaction Quality in Female Dyads This article discusses a study that was conducted to determine whether self-reports of personality are reliable in predicting the course of social interaction. It examined the relations between dimensions of the five-factor model and the quality of social encounters that took place among women who were unacquainted with one another. The questions that this study was intended to address are interesting: "What are the social differences in personality?" and "Do people's dispositional qualities manifest themselves in ways that influence their social experiences and the experiences of those around them?" (Berry and Hansen, 2000). These are complex questions and a comprehensive understanding and consideration of contextual variables was neccessary. It was revealed through the results of the study that extraversion and agreeableness were positively related to evaluations of the quality of these interactions. Also, there was a parallel between extraversion and agreeableness and quality evaluations from independent observers. These findings suggest that people who score high in agreeableness or extraversion inteeract with others in a way that causes social encounters to be objectively more positive than those experienced by others. It was also identified that variations in body openess and visual attention explained why observers perceived dyads high in agreeableness to have higher-quality interactions. Research has shown that the manner in which people use language within their social interactions is predictive of how they are evaluated by independent observers. It is not clear, however, whether it is verbal or nonverbal behaviors produce relations between personality and the quality of social interaction. According to this article, many studies have looked at the links between primary dimensions of personality and other aspects of self...

Using Text Styles in Google Docs

Using Text Styles in Google Docs Using Text Styles in Google Docs Many people now use Google Docs to create and share documents. And to make sure your document looks as good as it reads, you’ll need to apply clear, consistent formatting throughout. The quickest way to do this in Google Docs is via the Styles menu, so let’s look at how this works. Text Styles in Google Docs The Styles menu in Google Docs. Google Docs has a range of formatting options. But rather than applying each element of formatting manually, you can use the Styles menu. This is a list of default text styles, including: Normal Text – Usable for the main text of your document Title – Very large text designed for the main title of a document Subtitle – Usable for a subtitle under the main title in a document Headings – A set of heading styles (Heading 1, Heading 2, Heading 3, etc.) that you can use for headings and subheadings throughout your document You can apply these default text styles by simply: Placing the cursor in the passage of text you want to format Going to the Styles menu and clicking the style you want to apply If the default styles aren’t what you’re after, though, you can also tailor them. Customizing Text Styles To customize the default styles in Google Docs, you need to: Apply the formatting required somewhere in your document Select the newly formatted text Go to the Styles menu and find the style you want to update Follow the arrow to the right and click Update â€Å"Style Name† to match Customizing a style. The style will then change to match the formatting of the selected text. It will also update any text to which you’ve already applied the style, which helps to ensure consistency. And if you want to use the same custom styles again at a later date, you can save your settings: Open the Styles menu and go to Options at the bottom Select Save as my default styles to save your current settings Saving custom text styles. Next time you want to use those saved styles in a Google document, simply go to Styles Options Use my default styles. Don’t forget, too, to have your documents checked by a professional proofreader. This will ensure your writing is always error free and easy to read.

VEHICLE ROUTE OPTIMIZATION FOR RFID INTEGRATED WASTE COLLECTION SYSTEM Essay

VEHICLE ROUTE OPTIMIZATION FOR RFID INTEGRATED WASTE COLLECTION SYSTEM - Essay Example The model normally applies precise data having respective quantity and proper location undertaken through the use of the RFID technology and also normally includes pre-determined capacity. The summary of the mathematical model in optimization of the route of a waste collection invests in the essence of reduction or minimization of the entire transport cost while considering the capacity for the vehicle and all the exerted weight of the collected bins by also considering pre-determined zone. The mathematics refers to the ones indicated below. The mathematical programming model is as shows below (Alp & Emre, 2008). The provided linear model has an objective function marked by number (3) which facilitates the minimization of the total distance driven across. Typical Constraints (4) and (5) provides assurance that every town apart from the collection center is excellently entailed or entered and left precisely once. The other Constraints (6) and (7) normally help in considering the amount of the total waste collected on the outlined waste bin â€Å"i† which is typically the lower limit. There is entailed capacity for waste vehicle in high limit qi. There is now the presence of the constraint (8), in addition with (7), which normally equates to the qi to ci as long as the â€Å"i† is equivalent to first waste bin of the any entailed tour. From the functions, if â€Å"i† is not assigned as the first tour, constraint (9) would exactly illustrate the presented relation available between and the variables qi and xij. The process will initially look into if the arc (i, j) is prese nt in a waste collection tour or if not (Alp & Emre, 2008). The optimization approach on this mathematical model applies a linear programming and integer solver. The process is evaluated by the use of a special software referred to as Mosel Language or otherwise Dash

Free Will, Determinism and Moral Responsibility Term Paper

Free Will, Determinism and Moral Responsibility - Term Paper Example The paper tells that on one hand, free will can be defined as an ability that an individual harnesses or on the other, free will can be constructed as a possession inherent in a person. The reasoning faculty of humans facilitates and empowers free will. Causal events are attributed to the exercise and natural outcomes of free will. If rational human actions are assumed to arise from free will, then that would mean that free will is contingent on those events. That position leads to the belief that a person acting freely essentially manifests the working of his or her free will. The implications of free will are moral responsibility, legal accountability and self-determinism. Self-determinism is a principle founded on free will and self-influenced decision and action. In religion, the possession and exercise of free will places man in a position to either follow the divine will or go against it. Free will makes man liable for his choices and answerable to an authority. Free will also frees man to a certain extent from passivity of man, seing that he is characterized an active moral agent who can make changes in his life and that of others. Philosopher Thomas Hobbes asserts this theory by stating that all free-willed actions are based or influenced by external factors compelling an individual to act. However, one might dispute this approach because these actions are spurred by two distinct types of freedom: freedom of will and freedom of action. The disparity between freedom of will and freedom of action in the context of causality is underlined by the fact that agents can have free will but no freedom of action.3 For example, if a person wants to go to the store and buy an item at the mall, he or she is free to do so. However, if the said individual is tied fast to a chair or does not have the money to buy anything, these conditions directly hinder his liberty to act on his free will. The individual still has the free will to steal the item or attempt to break f ree from restraint. According to Hobbes’ theory, external factors such as the person’s pressing necessity for that item or someone else’s request have influenced the individual to come to the decision to go to the mall. In both cases, the individual retains the free will to execute the action, nevertheless agencies outside the individual’s control impacts on the final outcome. The fundamental question here is the leveling of responsibility at an individual for actions arising not from his own free will, but from exterior environmental factors over which he has no control. The simple answer would be these individuals are not responsible for their actions, however unpopular this view may be. If one were to introduce a system of reward and punishment to instigate or control action, then, no one can be praised or blamed owing to the incentive or disincentive. 4 However, an exception to Hobbes’ theory lies in the premise of causal determinism proposed b y the British analytic philosopher Galen Strawson. The premise implies that current events are fixed outcomes since events are actuated by a cause and the cause

Public Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Public Law - Essay Example Conversely, the 1688 settlement between the incoming king and Parliament enshrined the independence of the judiciary under the Bill of Rights, however required them to implement the will of the Sovereign Parliament. However, the supremacy of Parliament itself has been attacked on limits of judicial review4. The 1688 settlement introduced checks and balances in restraint of autocratic power. Theoretically, the Crown, House of Commons and the House of Lords could not pass any legislation to support a course of action unless they were accepted by the other bodies involved. However, the gradual erosion of the power of the House of Lords means that there is effectively no check on the House of Commons5. For example, the executive clearly carries out legislative functions and a prime example is the Law Commission. Additionally, the judiciary obtain their power from the Crown and there is a distinct overlap of functions between the powers, which should be separated for the effective application of the separation of powers and the efficacy of Parliament as check on the executive6. This is further compounded by the fact that the Prime Minister and Cabinet ministers are Parliament members and part of the legislature and the Prime Minister is head of the executive. This obfuscation of the theoretical separation of powers has ramifications for the procedure of passing Acts of Parliament. Parliament is essentially the legislative section of the British political system. As such, through the executive Prime Minister and the Cabinet, Parliament sanctions executive sovereignty in a party governmental system. Theoretically Parliament is a policy influencing body, relying on the executive to formulate policy and reacts to it and therefore the party machine reinforces power of the executive to initiate policy. Parliament is not therefore involved in the policy making process and has minor powers of initiation. Whilst government controls Parliament the passing of an

The intrusion of new technologies into the life-world lies at the Essay

The intrusion of new technologies into the life-world lies at the heart of the story about 20th century modernity - Essay Example For the modern geographer, the nature of time and space, the relationship between technological innovation and social space, the implications of the modern condition in the construction of subjectivity in the context of the technological advancements especially the impact of industrialization and the spread of manufacturing houses in the twentieth century, become essential studies. Use of technology has provided a choice, to act responsibly given the type of tool in hand or, to reject; to choose selectively and communally and to make a conscious choice of weeding out the superfluous and bettering what is perceived to be good (Robinson, 2001). This dissertation shall analyze the advent and progress of industrialization, concept of factories as the spatial basis of modernity, its impact on the society its, especially in relation to the concepts of time and space, and the economic implications, through various perspectives of modern philosophers and geographers like, Max Weber, David Ny e, Michel Foucault, Georg Simmel, Marshall Berman, Henri Lefebvre, to name a few. In the process, it is attempted to study the relevance of their observations, their limitations, drawing attention to their future connotations for the future. The Industrial Revolution: The term 'technology' was born in 1828 and spread with the railroads. The very first of such technologies is the rise of the telegraph system, which allowed important news to be transmitted across the country with rapid speed, and more pointedly the stock quotes, that aided the stock market bloom. Then, the railroad system, that allowed goods and people, to travel around anywhere at a faster pace. The importance of the railways was not only its speed and automation, but that it gave its riders freedom. Nye (1994) has wondered "What better way to measure oneself against nature than through the great works of manufacturing and engineering" Even more speed was achieved with the advent of the petroleum system, which with the use of pipes and railroads, was utilized move products and people. Then the telephone system that allowed people to interact with each other over long distances. This was closely followed by the advent of the electric system, which was deve loped by Thomas Edison, with the aid of Michael Faraday's electric generator. When Edison invented the light bulb, he founded the Edison Electric Illuminating Company of New York. Very rapidly, almost within months, the world was witnessing a great transformation. Consequently, the United States of America and the European nations were being transformed from agricultural societies to those that were industrially dependant societies. Many farmers and other people were giving up the rural life and moving to urban and city areas to find jobs in factories. The Rise of the Factory: The history of technological revolutions in the past two centuries may be said to have started with the Industrial Revolution of 1760-1830, which witnessed the "rise of the factory." (Mokyr, 2001) Actually, there have been numerous precedents for large-scale enterprise and for people working in large plants

Formal memo(globalization) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Formal memo(globalization) - Essay Example The concept also relies of consensus and cooperation among nations (Boudreaux 2007) The world globalization was already used in the 1960s, but its true meaning was not sought until the 1990s, and especially after 9/11. Its meaning is not altogether clear to everyone. Perhaps the best definition was found by the Carnegie Endowment website: ‘Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment, and aided by information technology’ (Boudreaux 2007). Most of the world’s cooperation is unintentional and unstructured, and comes in the form of trade, and perhaps the cooperation of providing aid to poor countries, or that following some catastrophic disaster. Many think of globalization as something that causes competition among the world’s countries and their commerce, trade and exchanges. What many hope that globalization will bring is a beneficial coordination of the plans and actions of millions of people around the wo rld, as a system of global cooperation. Healthy competition combined with a model of cooperation when it comes to resources, the environment, pooling of services, and provision of goods, seems like a great combination. A vast web (Boudreaux 2007) of cooperation seems plausible when we consider the speed of modern transportation and communication. It is necessary, to minimize ecological impact. The readings I plan to make have a potential of several deductions and conclusions, which will be of great interest to companies, trade groups, environmental movements, industry leaders, social forums, commercial syndicates and lobby groups. My proposal can reach a number of these, of which I shall make a list. To have the greatest reach, a website with relevant information would be a good goal. 3. Globalization, a book by Donald Boudreaux, which provides some relevant information about its

Make one up Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Make one up - Essay Example Religion has turned out to be one of the most influential parties in the issue of abortion. The laws of the land cannot also be ignored as they try to harmonize social issues and accommodate or reject abortion. On the same note, the pagans’ say on the matter has as well counted. All these aspects combined make abortion a complex issue across all known divides. The most important aspect in this case, however, is what the Goddess says about abortion. The Goddess holds abortion as one of the many forms of sacrifice. In this case, sacrifice practices are seen as a way of choosing between life and death. Most importantly, sacrifices are important to the Goddess. The more sacrifices humans make to the Goddess, the happier and satisfied she becomes. Those who sacrifice are also viewed as persons who can make essential decisions in life. The Goddess accepts sacrifices of many forms, and those made through abortion are just part of the sacrifice system. Abortion is all about love. Women who engage in abortion make sacrifices to the Goddess. This is a sign of love to the Goddess. On the other hand, women abort for varied reasons, all of which seem to conform to the Goddess’s system of taking sacrifices. In doing so, these women show their love in the death of the fetus. They have predetermined reasons to do so, a phenomenon that is held to be better for the unborn. As a result, abortion in this case becomes a way of expressing love to the unborn by women who abort. While religion would not hold any of the above to be the truth, the religion of the Goddess holds that some religions do not do women any good. This is evidenced by â€Å"the militant wing that identified patriarchal religion as the root of the problem of women subordination† (Stewart 280). The Goddess upholds the freedoms and rights of women, thereby countering the problem of subordination of women that is said to exist in patriarchal religion. Expression of love to

Formal memo(globalization) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Formal memo(globalization) - Essay Example The concept also relies of consensus and cooperation among nations (Boudreaux 2007) The world globalization was already used in the 1960s, but its true meaning was not sought until the 1990s, and especially after 9/11. Its meaning is not altogether clear to everyone. Perhaps the best definition was found by the Carnegie Endowment website: ‘Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment, and aided by information technology’ (Boudreaux 2007). Most of the world’s cooperation is unintentional and unstructured, and comes in the form of trade, and perhaps the cooperation of providing aid to poor countries, or that following some catastrophic disaster. Many think of globalization as something that causes competition among the world’s countries and their commerce, trade and exchanges. What many hope that globalization will bring is a beneficial coordination of the plans and actions of millions of people around the wo rld, as a system of global cooperation. Healthy competition combined with a model of cooperation when it comes to resources, the environment, pooling of services, and provision of goods, seems like a great combination. A vast web (Boudreaux 2007) of cooperation seems plausible when we consider the speed of modern transportation and communication. It is necessary, to minimize ecological impact. The readings I plan to make have a potential of several deductions and conclusions, which will be of great interest to companies, trade groups, environmental movements, industry leaders, social forums, commercial syndicates and lobby groups. My proposal can reach a number of these, of which I shall make a list. To have the greatest reach, a website with relevant information would be a good goal. 3. Globalization, a book by Donald Boudreaux, which provides some relevant information about its

Coffee - Starbucks Essay Example for Free

Coffee Starbucks Essay Starbucks is a premium coffee wholesaler which has strayed from its original service of coffee. The advent of newer technology has diminished the Starbucks experience. Howard Schultz, Starbucks chairmen, sent a memo on February 14, 2007 addressing this problem to the president and chief executive officer of Starbucks, Jim Donald. In the memo, Schultz voiced his opinion on how the rapid expansion of Starbucks is causing him to revaluate the company’s values between how it operated when it began and where it is heading in the future. Starbucks isn’t the same neighborhood store as it was when it was established and no longer shows the passion for coffee that they had in the beginning. â€Å"I have said for 20 years that our success is not an entitlement and now its proving to be a reality. Lets be smarter about how we are spending our time, money and resources. Lets get back to the core† (Schultz). Along with its expansion, Starbucks has been trying to utilize new technologies to improve the product they sell to consumers. Starbucks changed their espresso machines from manual to automatic to speed up service and efficiency. These machines â€Å"blocked the visual sight line the customer previously had to watch the drink being made, and for the intimate experience with the barista† (Schultz). People no longer have that intimate connection with the people making their coffee, or to the finished product. The employees are also more disassociated from their work because of these new machines that speed up production. Starbucks also incorporated flavor-locked packaging to supply the demand for fresh roasted coffee. This is a great service to the customer because it keeps coffee grounds or beans fresher longer, yet the effectiveness of the flavor-locked bags contributed to the loss of aroma, â€Å"perhaps the most powerful non-verbal signal†, in Starbucks (Schultz). The romance of Starbucks is lost with these improvements and the unforgettable scent is lessened along with its heritage. Starbucks is still a coffee-loving company, and consumers are still receiving the coffee delicacies they want, but at what cost to tradition. https://sites. google. com/site/hollymadalyn/writing/Starbucks-Research-paper SYNOPSIS Starbucks Corporation, originally founded in 1971, but purchased by Howard Schultz in 1987, is the market leader in selling gourmet coffee (Starbucks, 2008). Starbucks main objective is to establish itself as the most respected and recognized coffee brand in the world (Fact Sheet, 2008). Starbucks has accomplished this objective and experienced much success through their competitive strategy of clustering several stores within the same community and through their distinctive competencies of roasting and selling the quality coffee while providing high quality customer service. The question is, can Starbucks continue their market share growth with rising competitors? Should they focus more on their international operations? Can they continually reinvent themselves to maintain their strong brand image in the long run? PROBLEMS. †¢ Overall economic downturn can affect Starbucks’ market share if management neglects to address competitors’ strategies with lower priced offerings as consumers are becoming more conservative in spending their discretionary income. †¢ Loss of identity and authenticity focused upon the foundational Starbucks experience, which, if unaddressed by management, can result in dissatisfied customers, loss of sales, and decreased market share. †¢ Considering the economy and increasing domestic competition within the U. S. , Starbucks must address their less profitable international operations. SWOT ANALYSIS[1] INDUSTRY EVALUATION In the past two decades, the coffee industry has experienced a significant increase in the demand for premium coffee. Today, about one in five Americans drinks some type of espresso-based coffee drink each day. The average yearly coffee consumption per capita in the U. S. is around 4. 4Kg. Among these coffee drinkers, the average consumption is 3. 1 cups of coffee per day, with men drinking approximately 1. 9 cups per day, and women drinking an average of 1. 4 cups per day (Coffee Research [continues].

Benefits of the Eclectic Paradigm

Benefits of the Eclectic Paradigm The usefulness of the eclectic paradigm as a framework for combining and relating alternative theories of international business, and in coping with changes over time in the practice of international business Introduction The eclectic paradigm, namely the OLI paradigm was put together by the economist John Henry Dunning (1927-2009) in the late 1970’s. Dunning’s early research focused on American owned affiliates in the UK and their higher productivity compared to their local competitors. He wondered how and why these firms were able to compete locally with indigenous UK firms and started to raise questions about the advantages of multinational firms as an outcome of their activities abroad. He identified certain firm specific advantages and also advantages derived from the country of origin (Dunning, 2001). These are first two components of the later assembled paradigm, the O which refers to Ownership advantages and the L which refers to locational advantages. These early works and the early identification of the O and L and their mutual interaction are initially reflected in the book American Investment in British Manufacturing Industry (Dunning, 1958). This stream of research continued through the 1960’s when Dunning was working on American firms in Europe. Later during the 1970s, influenced by Buckley and Casson, Dunning started to address transaction cost explanations in an internationalization perspective (the I component of the paradigm) in addition to the previously identified O and L advantages. He was concerned about why firms decided to generate and exploit their specific advantages internally rather than through the open market forces. This broadened his perspective and articulated more clearly the early view he had on the O and L components. And by the time he was putting together the rest of the paradigm at the end of the 1970 ´s, he looked back to the 50 ´s and 60’s and the theories of Vernon, Hymer and others and interpreted them from within this framework and elaborated on how their ideas were expressed from the eclectic paradigm. Intellectually, he brought everything together, not just contemporary but also past theories, bringing all these explanations together in some sort of rubric that allows to connect the m. Since then, the eclectic paradigm’s simplicity and yet its thoroughness smoothly integrates international business theories and allows researchers from different fields and disciplines to systematically explain the growth of multinational activity (Cantwell and Narula, 2001). The Eclectic Paradigm Revisited The eclectic paradigm itself is not an explanation of the MNC rather it helps explain the level, determinants and patterns of the foreign value added activities (international production) of firms, and or countries. The paradigm offers a framework from which an explanation can be obtained. It is not itself a predicting theory but it is a way of connecting different theories which can be then used to help understand different types of foreign production according to their specific contexts and motivations (Dunning, 2001). The Eclectic Paradigm and its OLI components have gone through different revisions and are defined as follows: O: Ownership advantages. These are firm net competitive advantages that companies from one country possess over those firms from other countries when servicing a specific market. L: Location advantages. The degree to which companies decide to locate abroad value added activities. These value added activities can be the result of internalizing. I: Internalization. The degree to which companies add value to their output by identifying as more profitable to internalize the generation and exploitation of their ownership advantages rather than through the open market. (Dunning, 2000, 2001; Ietto-Gillies, 2012) An interesting aspect of the OLI elements is that they are not independent from each other but that they interact. For example, the value added activities generated by locational advantages feed back to the O advantages. That is why an often misunderstood and controversial element is the O, because of the fact that it is called ownership, scholars like Rugman relate it only to firm specific advantages. However, the O also refers to advantages that come from the institutions of the country of origin (home country). In other words, what Dunning (2001) initially meant by (O) Ownership referred to the nationality of ownership as opposed to the ownership of assets by a firm. It was later on that Dunning acknowledged and expanded the Ownership advantages to include firm specific and other types of advantages such as the ones resulting from engaging in foreign production. Another reason why this is so important is because it does not necessarily imply that the MNE has to be legally defined by the ownership of assets, but if instead there is an international business network that is not entirely owned, it could still be consistent with the notion of capabilities generated within such a network associated with firms of a certain nationality of origin. On the other hand the L element has to do with host country advantages and it is just not necessary to compare the host with the home but different host countries with one another in determining where the firm goes to produce. OLI: Combining and relating IB theories The eclectic paradigm comes from other international business theories which are themselves influenced by economic and organizational theories. The paradigm draws from theories of the individual firm such transaction cost economics (internalization) and market power theories and their relationship with markets and integrates them with macroeconomic approaches to foreign production such as the product lifecycle theory (Cantwell and Narula, 2001). This encompassing aspect of the paradigm has brought many criticisms, one of the most popular ones calls it a â€Å"shopping list of variables†. Dunning (2001) responded to this criticism by clarifying that each variable of the paradigm is constructed based on well-known and accepted economic and organizational theories. In addition, he clarifies that the objective of the paradigm was not to explain all kinds of international production but to offer a framework that helps organize a methodology that can lead to a better explanation of different kinds of foreign production. Vernon’s product lifecycle theory is the most inherently dynamic or evolutionary in character of all the theoretical approaches of the paradigm. Hymer’s market power and Buckley and Casson internalization theories were limited to the period in which they were writing about them, during which an evolutionary perspective of the MNE was not yet explored. On the other hand the product life cycle theory was contemporaneous to the conditions of the 1960 ´s and therefore Dunning included this evolutionary character in the paradigm. This became an important part of the paradigm in the sense that it gave it an evolutionary and dynamic perspective on how firms grow over time, which is an integral part of the way the eclectic paradigm should be interpreted and used (Dunning, 2001). In addition, from an evolutionary approach, the Eclectic Paradigm’s internalization advantages are attributable to the conditions of improved organizational learning and technology creation, rather than to the conditions for a more efficient cost-minimizing organization of an established set of transactions. This opens up the possibilities of alliances in order to increase ownership advantages through cooperation. This takes the paradigm beyond a basic transactions costs perspective and expands the types of ownership advantages, from advantages in line with Bain -which assumes advantages to exist be prior to going abroad- to cooperative and interdependent generated ones (Tolentino, 2001). The Future of the Eclectic Paradigm in IB The eclectic paradigm has not only faced criticisms but also faces the challenges of an increasingly changing international business environment due to globalization and technological advances. In the last decades MNC activity has increased both in extent, intensity and form. There is also increased global interconnectedness and interdependence which makes inter firm alliances more common and necessary (Cantwell and Narula, 2001). RD is more complex and costly also increasing the way it is undertaken. Asset exploiting FDI is still present but asset augmenting and knowledge seeking FDI are increasingly important. All of this has created new ways of performing cross border activities and different strategies that MNCs use to pursue them. Additionally, the field of IB has also evolved. It has moved from a market driven view to a more knowledge driven one. Moreover, the level of analysis has changed as well. In the 1990’s there was a shift from the macro level approach in which countries were the unit of analysis to a more micro approach with the firm as the unit of analysis. Lately the field is going even more micro by also paying increasing attention to behavioral (individual) considerations and therefore allowing it to use the individual as the unit of analysis. Actually nowadays, the direction of the field International Business studies is becoming more multilevel in character, allowing for different levels of analysis including the countries, firms and individuals. The field has also become more interdisciplinary by drawing from other disciplines such as sociology, anthropology, biology, geography and history. Therefore taking in to account all these changes the following question arises: Is the eclectic paradigm going to hold with the external changes related to globalization, technological change and the new directions in the field of international business? I believe it will. So far the paradigm has held for the last two decades (since the 1980’s) and it seems to be getting stronger as a guiding framework in international business studies. All its components are articulated in a way that allow all the aforementioned changes. For example the Ownership component has always been relational in character and has included different interactions and levels of analysis (Ietto-Gillies, 2012). Therefore this does not present a threat to the paradigm but it actually increases its relevance because it allows for multilevel analysis by combining the different units and elements of analysis and allowing them to interact. And even though there are not many discussions of the eclectic paradigm today, the paradigm is increasingly relevant now in relation to where the international business field is going. Additionally, the paradigm has successfully embraced phenomena such as Alliance Capitalism, technological accumulation, international networks and dynamic capabilities, by which firms cooperate and mutually increase their ownership advantages. These are areas of research that according to the critics are not addressed by the paradigm. Moreover, the Location element of the paradigm increases in importance in the sense that subsidiary location has become important because they are embedded in their foreign locations and can benefit from their networks and national innovation systems and therefore adding value to the MNC. On the other hand, dynamic capabilities are created not just within firms but by interacting or cooperating with other firms and actors (Knowledge enhancing technological dynamism) and they become part of the O advantages. These ownership advantages also come from the interaction with locations with which initial ‘O’ advantages are crucial for the development of absorptive capacity. Dunning argues that capabilities or ownership advantages are a condition for internalizing. This is a dynamic view in which advantages are an evolutionary concept. Critics say that some strategic considerations may not be covered by the OLI and that routines and processes should be added (OLMA). However, even though the paradigm does not specifically address routines and processes it addresses the ownership advantages that may result from them. Every day problem solving activities create unique core capabilities that are idiosyncratic of each firm, therefore giving them or enhancing existing ‘O’ advantages. This means that the OLI paradigm still holds for strategy considerations, especially in terms of capability development (in terms of O). Also in some way in ‘L’ with economies of location and experiences of location. Finally also with the interaction between O and L which creates a complex interaction at different levels and interactions. For example in the case of subsidiaries, competence creating subsidiaries actually enhance Ownership advantages therefore giving strength to the argument that O advantages are not only originated in the MNE ´s home country but also arise in subsidiaries as well. Today we can apply this also to international business networks, so rather than a legal definition of the firm, the MNE per se, the OLI paradigm can used as a method to analyze international business networks and also the MNE firm as a strategic coordinator of such networks. In other words the subject area moves on but the paradigm remains relevant, partly because of the degree of flexibility which is built in some of these characteristics, especially in the Ownership advantages, which is by the way, the most important component of the paradigm, because it is the one that ties everything together, since it is the properties of learning that define the location or the transactional network basis of the firm. Conclusions The objective of the eclectic paradigm is not to explain the multinational firm but the level and pattern of foreign value added activities of firms. It helps explain not only the initial act of foreign production but also its growth. The eclectic paradigm overcomes the limitations of partial theories of international production and provides a holistic framework in which existing alternative and complementary theories of international production coexist (Tolentino, 2001). In the international business field a systemic approach is now more needed than ever, in addition it must be inherently interdisciplinary. At the beginning the eclectic paradigm had a more descriptive approach. It was originally developed by integrating some international business theories that come mainly from economics. Theory of trade in Vernon ´s case, theory of the firm of the industry in Hymer ´s case and again theory of the firm in Buckley and Casson’s case. Nowadays it is relevant to combine theories taken from different disciplines. Different ways to think about the world, new perspectives. That is why a systemic approach is needed. The eclectic paradigm is now it is an umbrella that handles a range of theories, a framework that enables the understanding of how these theories are tied and work together. Therefore what is happening is that the discipline is moving away from some of the earlier theories that were essentially theories of discrete individual choice, s uch as whether to export or not, or whether or not to locate production abroad, and in the case of having located production abroad, whether to license to and independent firm or produce internally with through a subsidiary. Those were firm level choice decisions, but if instead a system is wanted and the knowledge on how it evolves through time. Therefore the eclectic framework is precisely the right way to approach a complex system, because a paradigm like the eclectic paradigm provides a broader context, providing progressive interaction between different factors and actors giving it present and future relevance. References Cantwell, J.A. and Narula, R. (2001), The eclectic paradigm in the global economy, International Journal of the Economics of Business, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 155-172; revised version reprinted as Revisiting the eclectic paradigm: new developments and current issues, chapter 1 in J.A. Cantwell and R. Narula (eds., 2003), International Business and the Eclectic Paradigm: Developing the OLI Framework, New York: Routledge. Dunning, J.H. (1958).American investment in british manufacturing industry.George Allen Unwin Ltd. Dunning, J.H. (2000), The eclectic paradigm of international production: a personal perspective, chapter 5 in NTF. Dunning, J.H. (2001), The eclectic (OLI) paradigm of international production: past, present and future, International Journal of the Economics of Business, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 173-190; revised version reprinted as chapter 2 in J.A. Cantwell and R. Narula (eds., 2003), International Business and the Eclectic Paradigm: Developing the OLI Framework, New York: Routledge. Ietto-Gillies, G. (2012), Dunnings eclectic framework, chapter 9 in TCIP. Tolentino, P.E.E. (2001), From a theory to a paradigm: examining the eclectic paradigm as a framework in international economics, International Journal of the Economics of Business, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 191-209; revised version reprinted as chapter 7 in J.A. Cantwell and R. Narula (eds., 2003), International Business and the Eclectic Paradigm: Developing the OLI Framework, New York: Routledge.

Computer and Hardware :: essays research papers fc

Report and Bibliography Electronic-mail or Email is the process of sending messages electronically using your computer. You can send messages when it is convenient for you - even at 2 am. Your recipient responds at his convenience. Email can be sent anywhere in the world using your computer and a modem. Email is almost instant in its delivery and it is very cheap to use especially for international messages, costing only the price of the telephone connection to the Internet Service Provider. You may send many messages at one time or just one to a designated location. Messages can be sent internally on a local area network that might cover a building or an organisation like Northern Institute. For example in this Institute people on all 6 campuses can at no cost exchange email over the computer network that joins all the campuses. By using email you will be able to electronically   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  send messages or memos   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  receive and read messages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  reply to messages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  forward messages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  send the same message to a list of people with one stroke   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  attach a text file such as a report to your email message   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  save mail to a file and print the message Internet Whilst email is associated with the Internet you do not necessarily have to have an Internet connection to be able to send and receive email. For example many organisations have email facilities within their own local area networks, but do not have Internet links. However usually email is part of your Internet connection and it is one of the most used Internet facilities. Email Address In order to receive or send email you need to have an email address and you need to know the address of the person to whom you wish to send a message. Addresses are made up in a standard way using the following elements:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  User identification eg. Joelg your name or a name you wish to choose. It is usual to have part of your own name to make it easily identifiable   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the @ or at symbol to locate the person   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the domain name of the computer receiving your mail eg. gcit for Gold Coast Institute of Tafe   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the type of organisation eg. edu for an educational institution or gov for government   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  and finally au to locate the address in Australia the final address will look like this: How Email Works An electronic mailing system works in much the same way that the postal service we are used to operates.

A Comparison Of The Women Of Wharton And Deledda :: essays research papers fc

A Comparison of the Women of Wharton and Deledda   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Two writers, both women, both from different backgrounds. Edith Wharton was high society. Grazia Deledda was a commoner from another country. Though both wrote almost exclusively to their won regions, their portrayal of women was quite similar. In Wharton's Ethan Frome she has two women, both distinct from one another. In Deledda's La Madre, two women also make up the bulk of the story. But there are many more similarities in these works. Released only nine years apart both novels deal with a struggle of the heart, of the faith, and a struggle of their moral soundness. And in both stories the women are portrayed on opposite sides of the conflict. In this paper I intend to show an apparent bond between these stories' characters, and the gamut ran between the female personae.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Published in 1911, Ethan Frome is considered one of the best contemporary short novels of its time. Ethan Frome illuminated Wharton's familiar writing style with a spark of imagination. In this story, as I expressed in the opening paragraph, lie two women. The first is Zenobia Frome, or Zeena for short. In her late twenties, she suffers from a compounded sickness that was thought to be brought on by her taking care of Ethan's mother and her absorption of life's burdens. In this story she is the conflicting character.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The other woman is a young Mattie Silver, the cousin of Zeena and the housemaid of the Fromes. Mattie is about twenty-one years old and not too much of a house keeper since she is small and weak and somewhat clumsy. But nevertheless she caught the eye of Ethan Frome who would fetch her on nights of town revelry, and with that grew a forbidden love. This is the conflict of the story.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1920, Grazia Deledda published La Madre. Maria Maddalena is the mother of the priest who, throughout the book, falls to the wayside under temptation. She is a very old-fashioned woman as is the whole town. Overprotective of her son, she helps build up the climactic theme of faith. The other woman is Agnes, a well-to-do townswoman who is the object of the priest's backslidden affair. Unlike Ethan Frome, in this story the characters of conflict shift between the two women. Now let's look at the comparable likeness of the women in both stories.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To look at Maria Maddalena and Zeena Frome in the same frame would not be a far stretch. Both are very controlling and try to rule the lives of the men around them.

Organic Chemis

CHEMISTRY HIGHER lEvEl PaPER 2 Monday 18 May 2009 (afternoon) 2 hours 15 minutes INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your session number in the boxes above. Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so. Section A: answer all of Section A in the spaces provided. Section B: answer two questions from Section B. Write your answers on answer sheets. Write your session number on each answer sheet, and attach them to this examination paper and your cover sheet using the tag provided. At the end of the examination, indicate the numbers of the questions answered in the candidate box on your cover sheet and indicate the number of sheets used in the appropriate box on your cover sheet. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Candidate session number 0 0 2209-6108 19 pages  © International Baccalaureate Organization 2009 0119 –2– Section a Answer all the questions in the spaces provided. 1. M09/4/CHEMI/HP2/ENG/TZ1/XX+ Biodiesel makes use of plants’ ability to fix atmo spheric carbon by photosynthesis. Many companies and individuals are now using biodiesel as a fuel in order to reduce their carbon footprint.Biodiesel can be synthesized from vegetable oil according to the followingreaction. O H C O C R O H C O C R (l)+ 3CH3OH(l) O H C O C R H H H NaOH(s) H C OH H C OH (l)+3 CH3 H C OH H O O C R (l) vegetableoil (a) methanol glycerol biodiesel [1] Identifytheorganicfunctionalgrouppresentinbothvegetableoilandbiodiesel. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. (b) For part of her extended essay investigation into the efficiency of the process, a student reacted a pure sample of a vegetable oil (where R=C17H33) with methanol. Therawdatarecordedforthereactionisbelow. Massofoil = 1013. g Massofmethanol = 200. 0g Massofsodiumhydroxide = 3. 5g Massofbiodieselproduced= 811. 0g Therelativemolecularmassoftheoilusedbythestudentis885. 6. Ca lculatetheamount (inmoles)oftheoilandthemethanolused,andhencetheamount(inmoles)ofexcess [3] methanol.

Principles Underpinning the Role of the Practitioner Essay

The principles underpinning the role of the practitioner working with children Section 1 – Maintaining professional relationships in the multi-professional team E1: Describe the responsibility of the practitioner in professional relationships: â€Å"Professional,† means engaging in a given activity as a source of livelihood. It also means being an expert and having or showing great skill. Practitioners are more likely to develop good relationships with colleagues and children if they are able to demonstrate professional standards. â€Å"Professional practice is the skills that will be required of you to develop in order to work effectively with children. These include understanding your role and responsibilities, the ability to establish and maintain good relationships with children and colleagues, and communication skills.† (Tassoni P, 2007:10) Being reliable means that staff and children begin to rely on you, for example practitioners may plan activities or mee tings and expect you to be there to assist or supervise children. Reliable means doing what is expected of you and this can include working as a team helping each other and being on time and honest. It can also include being hard working and consistent as this shows your enthusiasm towards the job role. It is important to be reliable because children can get attached to you and start counting on you to be there. Punctuality is crucial in all jobs but especially when supervising children. It is important to be on time consistently which shows you are dedicated to your job. A good example of this is a parent may not be able to leave for work until you arrive in the setting, or a setting may not be able to open if the right ratio of staff is present. Flexibility is essential as practitioners should have the ability to meet new ideas and initiatives with openness. They should be able to adapt to different teachers approaches and be flexible about the hours that they work or tasks that are given to them. For example, a practitioner can help with a Year 3 display if they are always working with reception. This shows that they can be helpful as well as outgoing. Being a good listener is highly important when being a practitioner. Using eye contact and lowering yourself down to the child’s level will make them feel as if you are talking to them and not at them which will not intimidate them. Practitioners should be supportive and non-judgmental. Good examples include repeating back what the child has said to show you are listening, commenting and asking further questions using body language; practitioners should not interrupt or change the subject. â€Å"You need to show children and young people that you are interested in what they have to say. By looking (not staring) at a child or young person, you show them that they have your full attention. Sometimes, during a conversation, they may look away or down and this may be a sign that what they are about to say may be uncomfortable or difficult for them.† (Tassoni P, 2007:139) (356 words) E3: Explain the value of a multi-professional approach when working with children and parents: Multi-professional working requires people from different professions and agencies to work together towards meeting the needs of the child. There are a very large number of organisations that support children and their families that may be involved in multi-agency working. In order to work effectively with other agencies, it is important to have an understanding of what they do and how they support one another. â€Å"†¦professionals can share knowledge about the family’s needs with each other so that parents do not have to be asked the dame questions over and over again. It also means that professionals are aware of each other’s role in supporting the family and so conflicting advice or timings of appointments can be minimised.† (Tassoni P, 2007:11) The benefits of a multi-professional approach include ensuring that children get extra support for example a learning mentor or speech therapist. The child is safer when they are looked after by a team of professionals because they can share all their concerns and expertise to support the child. This approach also boosts children’s confidence within the setting and promotes a holistic approach. It increases independence because children are given strategies from a variety of professionals who want the best outcome for the child. The value of a multi-professional approach ensures that the 5 outcomes of Every Child Matters (stay safe, be healthy, enjoy and achieve, make a positive contribution and achieve economic wellbeing) are being met because everyone is working together to share information and skills. This information will minimise the risk of error or neglect of the child. The fact that many professionals are involved means that judgements made about children are informed, thorough and objective. For example if a child is frustrated and has a low concentration span, this can then be analysed by a educational psychologist and further action can be taken from then. A multi-professional approach also supports parents. For example a dietician can advise parents on the recommended intake for their child (5 a day). If a child is diabetic, they can help to design a healthy food plan to help the child manage their glucose levels. He/she can also link the child’s diet with sports activities and advise parents on the benefits. â€Å"There are many benefits for children and families when this type of approach is used as support, advice and childcare can be tailored to ensure some continuity. In practice, this may mean that parents may be able to leave their children in a nursery while in the same building or nearby they attend a parenting class or take a younger baby to the health clinic.† (Tassoni P, 2007:11) (314 words) Section 2 – Developing reflective practice E4: Describe the benefits of developing reflective practice within the setting: Reflective practice is paying crucial attention to the practical values and theories which inform everyday actions, by examining practice reflectively and positively. Reflective practice can also mean understanding knowledge of something positively. One of the benefits of reflective practice is allowing schools to develop self awareness, a critical skill in order for a setting to thrive and move forward. For example, if practitioners are only aware of school policies and not current legislations, children are at risk and practitioners are not doing the best they can to further their knowledge. â€Å"An important part of the reflective cycle is how you review your practice. It is important that the process of reflection is viewed as positive process, rather than problems being seen as barriers to success.† (Tassoni P, 2007:229) Practitioners need to be aware of current legislations in order to follow them to improve their setting and be aware of fresh initiatives, for example considering children’s opinions which will make them feel valued and confident to learn. Lessons will be interesting and children are less likely to lose concentration. Reflective practice creates and effective staff team as observations are carried out to improve on expert advice. There are opportunities for personal and professional development and job satisfaction. This benefits children because activities and practice is evaluated to meet the children’s needs and support learning. It also benefits the setting as there is higher quality provision because weaknesses, strengths, activities and resources are addressed which ultimately is of benefit to the children. Lastly, reflective practice improves the reputation of the setting because it could lead to a higher Ofsted report. A good reputation benefits the practice because parents have confidence in the setting and this motivates their children to learn. Children will feel the urge to come to school and work hard, therefore resulting in higher grades and children achieving more which will maintain the good reputation of the setting. (280 words) D1: Explain the importance of reflective practice for improving your own performance: As a practitioner, reflective practice is extremely important as you can look back on a situation and make improvements. You can also check to see if you are following the correct procedures. This allows the practitioner to grow and reach higher potential, in other words make continuous progression when reviewing situations. Reflective practice benefits the practitioner because he/she can validate and challenge existing approaches and methods of working. Reflective practice would help me to find out my strengths and weaknesses and to adapt into new situations that may occur. For example, when handling a situation where a new member of staff joins the team, reflective practice would help me to find out if I have helped them to settle in, in order to build a good relationship. I would have to think back and ask myself if I briefed them about what to do in the setting. This would help improve relationships with children and staff. Reflective practice would also help me to identify my training needs. For example, if a child had got lost on a school trip, I would have to think about if I followed the correct procedures or if I need to further my knowledge in safeguarding to build up my own learning, performance, confidence and job satisfaction. Reflective practice keeps me up to date with trends and initiatives, which are good for job promotions and job interviews. For example, if activities are repetitive or uninteresting, being reflective would encourage me to research and find out about new trends to keep the class intrigued and provide stimulating activities. Furthermore, reflective practice shows a commitment to wanting to do my best and reach my full potential. It is important that I reflect back on how I carried out a job and how I can do better, resulting in becoming more aware of what I am doing and how to become a better practitioner. â€Å"Through self-reflection, it becomes possible to think about how to repeat something that has worked well or how to improve ready for next time. Through reflect it is also possible to improve your interpersonal skills. For example, you might think about how you responded or communicated in a situation and then be able to consider ways in which you might have been more effective.† (Tassoni P, 2007:349) D2 Discuss two strategies for improving your own learning and performance Two areas, in which I would like to improve my own learning and performance are using my own initiative and working as a team. I can achieve these goals by using two strategies which are SMART targets and peer observation. â€Å"†¦it is important that any goals you set are SMART.† (Tassoni P, 2007:231) SMART targets are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time scaled. Using this strategy will allow me to draw up an action plan. The problem I tried to solve was maintaining a child’s attention throughout the required session time. Whilst I was carrying out work experience, I was allocated a maths group on a regular basis to try aid their learning and improving their mathematical abilities. The problem I encountered with this was trying to keep their attention so that I could communicate with them and so the tasks could be completed effectively. One of the children had been identified as having ADHD and therefore had particular difficulties in maintaining concentration and was often distracted. Other factors which affected this problem were distractions in the classroom and the complexity of the tasks that had to be carried out. I have decided that my own observations about how effective the solution was and how much work the children successfully did as week as well as the response I received from them. I decided to research into the effects of ADHD particularly children in a school environment and used various information sources (this will be attached as evidence). I decided on three options that I thought had realistic chance of success. The first was to arrange the classroom to minimise distractions for the child with ADHD and also those with difficulty concentrating, the advantages of doing this would be this would lower the disruption methods, however there are some disadvantages for example it may cause unnecessary d isruption to other pupils. The second solution that I considered was to include a variety of activities in each lesson by alternating physical and sitting down activities that appeal to different learning styles and would require careful and detailed planning to accommodate all three learning styles and each activity would need to be adapted to the requirements of each individual. Ensuring the classroom rules are kept clear rules are kept clear and simple and having a set discipline routine. If there continued or excessive misbehaviour and send them to my supervisor. Some of the advantages of this solution were that it would ensure that children are clearly understand the rules and repetition of the discipline system would emphasise the rules and therefore the children would begin pick up on them. However the disadvantages were that disciplining those with children with behavioural problems may have a negative effect and the discipline may seem harsh and could cause more problems. From the three solutions I have chosen to implement in my time during work experience is the second solution as I think this could be an effective method at maintaining a child’s concentration particularly a child with ADHD I have chosen to implement is solution 2 and this means I have to ensure that the teacher will have to be consulted and she will then provide the outline of the tasks to be carried out with the maths group. The teacher I was working with included different activities within the lessons such as discussions, quizzes, videos, drawing and some movement with the activities. I have decided to check if the problem had been solved using my own observations and to a certain extent the problem was solved and saw a gradual increase in their concentration levels and motivation to learn however it was difficult to implement the solution with limited time and resources. When working with the child with ADHD he was often distracted by other people around him and also other pupils found it difficult maintaining their concentration levels therefore it may have been effective to incorporate all three solutions together as this would have created a better and more stable working environment for all the pupils and would have benefitted their learning. It would have set out a clear and systematic discipline routine whilst maximising the use of different activities to achieve the child’s potential. â€Å"Peer observation is an effective way of gaining feedback about your practice with children.† (Tassoni P, 2007:230) Peer observation can improve my own learning and performance as it will enable a colleague to focus on my strengths and weaknesses when I am working with children. It is important that peer observations are objective and detailed, providing an opportunity to celebrate and recognise the things that I do well. This will improve my ability to work as a team by communicating and receiving positive feedback about my performance. This can be in meetings, or between me and my supervisor. If feedback is given to me in a positive way, this will improve my performance as I will feel confident, as well as being able to gain information that will help me reflect upon my own practice. â€Å"It can be difficult not to be defensive and take feedback personally, but if you focus on improving your own performance this will become easier with time.† (Tassoni P, 2007:231) Section 3 – The principles underpinning the role of the practitioner E5: Summarise the main principles that underpin work with children There are many main principles that underpin work with children. Some of these include the following: The welfare of the child is paramount. This is stated by the Children’s Act 1989 and links in with the EYFS. This means the wellbeing of the child is the first and most important aspect of practitioners’ work. A child should always be valued and practitioners should ensure the child is safe and happy to protect them from abuse, harm and neglect. Celebrating diversity and individuality are also important. This means that children are individuals in their own right and need to be listened to and respected. Their cultural needs need to be met, for example, children should opt to celebrate their own or other cultural festivals such as Diwali, instead of just Christmas. Equal opportunities and inclusive practice are actively promoted. This is about recognising and celebrating difference and not about treating everyone the same, for example, setting up an activity that everyone can do regardless of their skin colour or race. Confidentiality is respected at all times except when child protection is an issue. All practitioners have a responsibility to maintain confidentiality at all times. This means that any information passed to the practitioner should only be passed on, on a need to know basis. (214 words) C1: Analyse how the main principles that underpin work with children can support the practitioner’s practice in the setting: Knowing the importance of the main principles that underpin work with children means that the practitioner can set out creating an appropriate environment. This means the environment is safe, healthy and enjoyable as the welfare of the child is paramount. The practitioner should act upon this principle by making the child their first priority. They should carry out daily risk assessments and follow policies and procedures to ensure this happens. Practitioners should act upon the EYFS because Every Child Matters. For example, practitioners can promote healthy eating (snack time) for being healthy, and when carrying out activities, all children should participate and enjoy what they are doing. Activities should be carried out to meet all children’s needs and practitioners should maintain commitment to children’s emotional wellbeing. Practitioners should also make sure children’s health and wellbeing is being actively promoted. They can do this by making sure children have pastoral care which includes health, social and moral education, behaviour management and emotional support of children. Practitioners need to act upon this by educating children about healthy eating, for example promoting healthy eating posters around school and encouraging parents to take part in cookery lessons, as well as encouraging their child to eat healthily at home and encouraging parents to provide healthy meals. It is important for children to also have good amounts of physical/outdoor play and exercise. Practitioners should make sure individuality; inclusive practice and diversity are celebrated. They can do this by getting parents involved. An example can involve having an international day where children can bring in food from their countries and dress according to their culture. This links in with Knowledge and Understanding of the World (KUW), from the EYFS six areas of learning. â€Å"Recognising diversity is about understanding that children come from a variety of backgrounds and family structures, and that this is reflected in many ways including the languages they speak their culture, beliefs and even care needs. While the core needs of children are the same (love, affection, stimulation and physical care), recognising diversity means responding positively to the differences and valuing all people, not just the children and families you feel closest to.† (Tassoni P, 2007:7) An example of inclusive practice is for example having reasonable adjustments such as a wide range of visual aids for children with learning disabilities. Equal opportunities and anti-discriminatory practice are actively promoted. Practitioners should make sure of this by mixing boys and girls together. For example, girls should play football with boys, or boys should paint with girls. Practitioners should avoid stereotyping by valuing process and not just the end product, for example, valuing a child for trying their best with a drawing, even though it may not be the best drawing within the class. Persona dolls should also be used for anti-bullying practice to show everyone is different. Some people may be disabled or have a different skin colour. Confidentiality is respected at all times except when child protection is an issue. Practitioners should ensure records are stored away safely and are only accessible to whom it may concern, for example the child’s parents or key worker. They should keep information on a need to know basis and respect the child as an individual. Parents should be informed about who the information is being shared with. (476 words) E6: Explain the importance of valuing children’s interests and experiences: There are many reasons why valuing a child’s interests and experiences are important. The first one being, the interests of a child should always come first and activities should be based upon the child’s interests. This is because if children enjoy the activity, they will do well and can achieve their full potential. It will be meaningful and this allows children to develop their confidence and self-esteem. A good example of this is when doing maths; children could learn to count using something that interests them for example cars, cubes, pencils and so on. â€Å"A child centred practice should be maintained throughout the child’s education. It is all about keeping the interests and wellbeing of children and young adults as the main focus of the practice used.† (Bruce and Meggitt, 2007). This approach promotes the child to give freedom to think, experience, question and search for answers. Children learn easily and retain information more effectively because they are participating in decisions about their learning and are able to develop to their full potential. It is stimulating for both the practitioner and child, and research shows children respond better and concentrate longer when they are engaged in something which interests them. The Early Years is based on this principle with a heavily play based and child centred curriculum. By involving children and showing them respect for their ideas and capabilities, will help them grow in confidence and self-esteem. This will also help to build a positive relationship with practitioners, for example, using a child’s idea in practitioners planning. Practitioners should include all children in activities and put all work up on display to make them feel valued. They should give the children free choice of activities, in other words let them do what interests them. It is important that practitioners should feedback to parents about their child’s interests and if possible, find out about what the child’s interests were in previous settings.